Selective Reasoning

When the simulation was first assigned, I really had no idea what to expect. I assumed that my group members and I would be creating various written documents, which was clearly not the case. After selecting a group composed mainly of my close friends, we began to read through the various materials given to us to help us successfully complete the simulation. After watching a few of the videos from our customers and reading the given document about Minnesota Mircromotors, we began the simulation.Before the simulation started our group decided that we wanted to put customer atisfaction as our top priority, over market share and profit. After our first quarter, we began to panic because every satisfaction arrow was in the red. Immediately we made changes to everything we did before, restoring us back to equilibrium in the second quarter. From there on out, the simulation ran a lot more smoothly. In our first attempt at the simulation, we played around with the price of the product a lot , trying to keep it lower for Customer D, while also sometimes bringing it up to help increase profits.By the time I took the simulation individually, I realized that playing with the price was a waste of time. What I found best was to keep the price at $142 or $143, ignoring was Customer D wanted. I found over time the discounts to be much more important. We as well as l, always gave Customer D the largest discount, followed by Customer A, Customer B, and finally Customer C. This gave us the highest customer satisfaction while keeping the price relatively the same. For the distributor discount, we kept it relatively constant throughout, but increased it towards the end in order to keep the customers happy.For the sales force emphasis pie chart, we tried a lot of different methods to try nd get the best result. The first few times through the simulation we focused our attention on Customer A and C over B and D. This worked throughout fairly well, but wasn't ultimately the best solut ion. During my last individual attempt, I completely cut out customer D, while giving half of my attention to Customer. Roughly the remaining half was split between A and B, but it fluctuated a little throughout the simulation. This confguration of the pie chart ended with me getting a much larger score than previous attempts.During the group simulations, we put a lot of time into figuring out the best way to plit up spending on large/small customers, as well as retaining those same customers. We argued a lot about which should get more emphasis and which did not. I found that no matter what I did, that the small customers seemed to always be very satisfied. Because of this, what I found to work best was to keep both spending and retaining large customers Just slightly about the small. I kept this relatively simulation, and gave me the best score in the end.Sales force was another aspect of the simulation our group argued a lot about. Half the group thought the sales force was very important, while the other half hought it would be better to use that money in order to enhance our physical product. What I found that worked the best was to leave the sales force at 1 1, but if I really thought it was necessary to get rid of them then to Just do it for one quarter. I noticed that each time I dropped a few for a quarter that my total budget would sometimes increase by $100,000.For that reason alone I did this several times in order to have as large a budget as possible. During the group stages my budget only got up to $800,000, which we thought was very good. When I took the simulation individually I got the budget to increase to $1. million. I feel that managing my sales force correctly played a key role in obtaining more total budget. The first time we took the simulation, we tried getting rid of market research for the very last quarter. This ended terribly for us and caused us to lose a customer satisfaction star from every customer.From then on out I left mark et research at the required $50,000 Just to stay safe. One of the most important parts of the game I found was spending on IMC. After the first quarter as a group, when we did very poorly, we found that putting money into IMC was the best way to increase our profit nd market share. What I found that worked best regarding IMC, was to basically put all additional budget into it. Almost every quarter I did this, my profits would continue to rise. When I did the simulation individually, every time I gained more money in my total budget that money would address IMC first.IMC was definitely the key to the game for me. The single most argued part of the simulation for our group was the distribution of money in Power-To-Size Ratio, Manufacturing, and Thermal Resistance. At first it seemed that no matter what we did as a group some customer would complain about something. No customer complained more than Customer B complaining about wanting more thermal. Our group found ourselves always argu ing over how much money to put into which of the three categories. We never really did a great Job doing so because there was always an unhappy customer.What I found to be the best method was based on sure luck. I really wanted to take some relatively large risks in my last attempt at the individual simulation so I cut out Manufacturing Efficiency Improvement entirely. After two quarters of making a huge profit, I kept that up until the end. This gave me more money to put into important things like IMC, Power-To- Size Ratio, and Thermal Resistance. This kept the customers satisfied for the most part. After being the CEO of Minnesota Micromotors, I found that my ideals before I started the simulation were a lot different from how I feel now.Before the simulation started, our group really wanted to focus on customer satisfaction. For the most part we kept the customers very satisfied and satisfied. I now feel that market share and profit are what were the best ways of achieving a high score. With high profit and market share I was given more budget to work with. This trend kept accumulating ntil both profit and market share were higher than during the first couple simulations. The difference was that my customer satisfaction for my final simulation scores of 55, 60, and 60.My final score was a 75. Taking risks was something I wasn't too fond of at the beginning of the simulation. I thought being conservative was definitely the way to go. Because of this I was really conservative at the beginning with my group, as well as myself. I did the best when I took some risks. I am really glad I took a chance in my last simulation because then I really grasped the fact that sometimes you have to focus on the customers that help ou the most instead of focusing on pleasing all of the customers.Overall, I am really glad we got he opportunity to participate in the simulation. We really got a hands on experience of what we learned in class. I'm glad we got to apply our knowled ge, and I believe I learned a lot from doing the simulation. Although I did a lot better individually, it was very helpful to work in a group at first. We did fairly well compared to the rest of the class, and work as a team really helped with that. I would recommend this simulation to any marketing student because it is exactly how I picture the real world working.

Parenting Techniques

Behavior Parent Training on Fathers Parenting The Behavioral parent training programs have been developed to address child behavior problems through improvement in parenting practices. The triple P or Positive Training Program is widely reported as an effective, evidence based program for parents. However this journal demonstrates that there are significant differences in the program’s effectiveness for mothers and fathers. The analysis on this journal demonstrates that The Positive Parenting Program shows a large effectiveness on mothers while having a smaller effect on fathers parenting practices.Considering that fathers make a significant contribution to child development. It is now well accepted that â€Å"poor† parenting practices will have significant impacts on children’s emotional and behavioral wellbeing. Parents’ harsh inconsistent discipline, inadequate supervision, and a lack of positive relationship have been shown to increase children’ s behavior problems and later on in life lead to substance abuse, antisocial behavior and criminal activities.In order to strengthen parenting competencies and improve parent-child interactions a wide range of Behavioral Parent Training programs have been developed. According to the journal’s analysis the Positive Parenting Program is very effective when involving the mother and the father, and the children are the beneficiaries of better parenting skills. The study does not show which population the program is working on therefore we have to take into consideration how can we make the proper adjustments in order to make it work for other populations.It is a known fact that mothers are more involved with the program and the children than the fathers are, but fathers are getting involved more every time. Prior parental training programs did not focus on fathers or valued any input on it and there was very little literature for the fathers. The fathers’ involvement plays a very important role on the children’s life and upbringing and the fathers’ impact on the child’s life is separate from that of the mothers’.On the one hand, fathers positive parenting (sensitive to children’s’ interests, supportive of their autonomy) has been identified as protective against externalizing problems in young children; on the other hand negative training by fathers (harsh discipline, unstable presence) has been found to increase the behavior problems on both boys and girls. Fathers participation on the program improves the child’s behavior and helps to support each other as parents. So the fathers’ involvement on the program is crucial not only for the child but the mother also.Providers need to support the involvement of fathers in the parenting trainings. The Positive Parenting Program focuses on the participation of both the mother and father, and fathers actually benefit from the program. The Positive Paren ting Program has five levels; the first level focuses on community media, and information on how to deal with basic child problems. Level two offers individual support, providers offer advice and tips on how to deal with child issues, level three does four thirty minutes behavior counseling sessions in order to manage the progress or lack thereof.Level four was developed for children with disabilities, these sessions deal with the child’s misbehavior and offer strategies for encouraging their development, and level five covers a home-based skills training sessions that offer coping with stress and emotions, marital communication support. It is designed for parents at risk of child maltreatment; it also focuses on anger management. The Positive Parent Program has been used by culturally diverse parents, multi languages, face to face, telephone, and electronic modalities with remarkable results.

Peace order in country Essay

There are three types of peace orders: Interim peace orders. If you wish to file for a peace order but the district court clerk’s office is closed, you can file for an interim order by going to the nearest District Court commissioner. If the commissioner believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue an interim peace order.* An interim peace order goes into effect once the respondent is served by a law enforcement officer.*1 The interim peace order lasts until a judge holds a temporary peace order hearing or until the end of the second business day that the court clerk’s office is open after the interim peace order is issued, whichever comes sooner. If the court is closed on the day on which the interim peace order is due to expire, the interim peace order will be effective until the next day on which the court is open, at which time the court shall hold a temporary peace order hearing.*2 The interim peace order has to include the date for the temporary peace order hearing, and a tentative date for the final peace order hearing.*3 Note: Even if you are denied an interim peace order, you can still apply for a temporary or final peace order.*4 Temporary peace orders. When you go to court during normal court hours to file for a final peace order, you can ask for a temporary peace order, which can be issued the same day. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a temporary peace order. This order can be issued with or without the abuser present.*5 The order is effective when it is served.*6 The temporary order is in effect for up to 7 days after service of the order unless the court is closed on the day on which the temporary peace order is due to expire. In that case, the temporary peace order shall be effective until the second day on which the court is open, by which time the court should hold a final peace order hearing. However, the judge may extend the temporary order to allow for service of the order or for another good reason, but not to more than 30 days.*7 Note: If the respondent is at the hearing, the judge may go ahead and hold a hearing for a final peace order instead of a temporary one if you and the respondent agree to this.*8 Final peace orders. The respondent has the opportunity to be present at the final peace order hearing. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a final peace order, which can last for up to 6 months.*9 As of October 2011, peace orders can be extended.*10 See Can I modify, cancel or extend my peace order? for more information.

See description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

See description - Essay Example Further, a context of experience is provided by narration of a personal experience with a company that has used joint venture in foreign expansion. The paper finally concludes that, as apparent in the concept and the context, strategic planning, congruity between the national and organizational cultures between the two entities as well as communications play an important part in order for a joint venture to be successful. When an opportunity is beyond one companys ability in terms of knowledge and resources, most companies resort to forming joint ventures in order to take advantage of the opportunity. While these joint ventures can take place between any entities that wish to combine their expertise and resources for the hope of sharing the gains from the venture, joint ventures are more common on the international business arena (Rod 2009). With the onset of glottalization, joint venture is a usual entry strategy to another geographic market. There are many reasons why companies or entities would resort to forming a joint venture. For one, in many other geographic markets, the entry of an foreign entity is hindered by laws of the land (Makino et al 2007). It is very common that for foreign entities to enter the local market, they must do it by partnering with a local entity, and forming a venture, or an alliance (Chen, Park & Newburry 2009). In the case of the joint venture, the two entities share the stakes in the equity of the newly-formed JV entity. Depending on the terms of the agreement, in most international joint ventures, the local entitys major role is to serve as the gateway to the local market, sometimes in terms of marketing and distribution knowledge, or more depending on the agreement. This is another reason for a company that has global expansion plans to adopt joint ventures—local knowledge of marketing and distribution in order to offer targeted products to certain segments of the market (Makino et al 2007). By taking

Assignment 1 health and health professional Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1 health and health professional - Assignment Example The syllabus aims at developing nurses who is committed to the promotion, maintenance and restoration of health and to prevention of disease. The student nurse is trained in problem-solving and clinical reasoning along with competency and safety skills (Bachelor of Nursing). In Australia, the four main challenges to health care systems are affordability of services, meeting the needs of the aging population, treatment of chronic disease, and integration of complex services in care delivery. The government is making available more funds for health care but there are other logistic needs like health care personnel who are not available in the numbers required (Health And The 2007 Federal Elections). The main drawback in health care services in Australia is the rural and remote areas where the strategy of traditional health care cannot work. It is not possible to run extensive hospitals in rural areas as the population there does not warrant such hospital. Instead, there can be something like mobile hospitals with pathological facilities that can criss-cross at different locations with life saving medicines and facilities. Rosemary J.

What is the role of corporate interests in modern democracies Essay

What is the role of corporate interests in modern democracies - Essay Example In principle, every corporate get organized and compete for the influence (Lindblom, p.4). Political and economic powers are open to multiple corporate groups that feel strong enough to have pressure on them. The proponents of the pluralism theory operate within the modern democracies and has plays many roles. Corporate groups from a mechanism through which the ideas, views and needs of the citizens are made known to elected leaders in most countries. In the United States, both the formal and informal traditions provide fertile ground for the corporate groups. In United State, the interest group exerts the pressure on the government because of relatively weak political parties due to separation of powers between legislative and executive branches. In Great Britain, the prime minister to hold office depends on the majority support; parties exert control over legislation process and public policies process. Each legislature forms a winning coalition with his state. The system encourages decentralization of political power to state and localities (Lindblom, p.14). The business corporate group plays a great role in the democracies. Large multinational corporations bring enormous resources to bear on political goals. Because the elected leaders are economically accountable to the state, they are keen to avoid anti-business policies that can destroy the performance. The business interest groups represent views of the entire industry in the political process. Corporation also supports other groups that speak the whole business community. Individual companies also directly lobby for legislation and channel millions of dollars into champagne trails of their favorite candidate. Labor unions gained a significant place in United States politics in the 1930s. The National Labour relation Act enabled the unions to grow faster because of the protective nature of the act and the possession of collective bargaining. This applies to most countries where the labor unions are

Recommendation report for Airbus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Recommendation report for Airbus - Essay Example As the essay stresses one of the important aspects that Airbus has to consider in framing its policy over the next five years is contract management, because thus far, it has not been able to effectively manage them. A part of the problems Airbus is facing now have to do with a botched French deal that went wrong. EADS, the parent company of Airbus came into being through the disposition of 37.9% of Airbus shares that were owned by a French public sector enterprise, Aerospatiale, to a private investor, Noel Forgeard. While the deal was originally intended to provide Airbus with a long term, French private sector shareholder to aid the process of privatisation, it has proved to be a botched up job that has aided the downfall of Airbus. From this research it is clear the problems arose when Forgeard sold his shares to Daimler in Germany, thereby disturbing the equity stake and ownership percentages of the French Government, acquired through disposition of its ownership in Aerospatiale. Furthermore, the original intent behind the formulation of EDAS was to provide strong European competition for the American giant Boeing, but fluctuations in exchange rates have not proved favourable to the Company’s sales in the market. It appears likely that some of these problems could have been addressed if the contracts had included certain provisions; for example stipulating that ownership of Forgeard’s shares were to remain within France.

I don't have a topic picked Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

I don't have a topic picked - Thesis Example ces between cyber bullying and the traditional form of bullying and the main reasons behind the idea that it is worse than traditional bullying include low levels of supervision, reduced space and time limits, the potential of being anonymous, and reduced levels of direct feedback (Bonanno and Shelley 686). Psychological and emotional effects of cyber bullying are similar to those of real life or face to face bullying but the magnitude is much stronger. According to statistical data, approximately 43% of kids have been bullied on the Internet at least once in their lives. The most common medium for cyber bullying is the cell phone because it is the most used and the most easily available medium as at least 80% of teens have and use phones regularly (11 Facts About Cyber Bullying). However, although cyber bullying may seem to have no effect on the victims because it does not involve physical contact, in reality, it can hurt as much as physical bullying because it can drive people to d epression and even suicide as it affects peoples feelings negatively. Cyber bullying can take many forms that may include spreading rumors and gossip online, posting threatening messages on the Internet mostly on social media websites and emails, and taking uncomplimentary photos of someone and spreading them on the Internet. Cyber bullying is much worse than physical bullying because an instance such as posting of one’s provocative photos on the Internet can be on the view of any one and stay online forever. According to statistical data, 81% of teens feel that online bullying is easier because they can get away with it easily than it would be while bullying in person. In addition, an approximated 90% teens have seen bullying but ignored it (11 Facts about Cyber Bullying). There are specific characteristic of the individuals who would fall victims of cyber bullying that include individuals who may be seen as different from others in ways such as being overweight, wearing glasses,

Phase 1 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 1 Individual Project - Essay Example On further appeal, the United States Supreme Court held the decision of the court of appeal and observed that an exculpatory evidence interrupts the due process of the law where the evidence in question can provide substantial ground to rule on the guilt or punishment of an offender (Batten, 2011). From this case, exculpatory evidence is evidence that can prove the innocence of a defendant. This evidence can include physical evidences that challenge the prosecution witnesses or statement of witnesses that can prove the innocence or affect the punishment of the defendant. They can include evidence that gives the prosecution an opportunity to challenge the credibility of a prosecution witness such as an act of dishonesty by a witness in matters pertaining to the administration of justice in the particular case. From the case, it is evident that the prosecution has a duty to disclose all evidence it has in its possession to the defendant and it has no obligation to search for exculpatory evidence. The United States Supreme concurs with this statement and argues that by following this process, the prosecutor follows the constitution and fulfills his/her duties of seeking justice. However, Justice Harlan gave a dissenting opinion arguing that the due process of administration of justice should follow into the guilt phase because it was the responsibility of the jury to decide whether the defendant is guilty and administer punishment in the State of Maryland on issues pertaining to first degree murder. The rationale of the decision by the supreme court concerning this issue was on the fact that it is unfair to mistreat the accused in the promise of administering justice and this is for the benefit of the society, and therefore it is unacceptable for a prosecutor to act as an architect of a proceeding that fails to uphold fair administration of justice (Cushman, 1994). In the case of

OOO Et Al V. Commissioner of Metropolitan Police 2011 Essay

OOO Et Al V. Commissioner of Metropolitan Police 2011 - Essay Example The verdict was that the officers acting as agents of the defendant, had neglected the aspects of investigating on the issue of contention. The issue of contention involved the claims of human trafficking as well as the duties and the powers of the police. The issue involved the claim that the claimants had been exposed to degrading, inhuman treatment, besides being held under servitude and forced compliance. Following the suit, each of the claimants was awarded a cash retribution of 5,000 as non-pecuniary compensation (Benitez et al. 2010). Discussion The case in question was the first of its kind, to be heard in England and the South Whales, especially due to its scope. The case was questioning the scope of the duties and obligations of police officers, with regard to investigating reported instances of the violations of article 3 and 4 of the ECHR. The case involved the abuse faced by four Nigerian women, previously trafficked into the U.K, while still below the age of eighteen â €“ to be used for domestic servitude. The four women had brought a claim against the commissioner of police in charge of the Metropolis, demanding compensation – for the failure of carrying out investigations into the intelligence of the cases presented to the police years back, regarding the illegal trafficking and forced servitude at North London. The Metropolitan Police Unit consented of having received the reports of the breach of the human rights of the four women, as per the provisions of article 3 and 4 of the ECHR. However, the Metropolitan Police disputed the fact that the officers had breached the rights of the claimants, as a result of their failure to investigate the authenticity of the claims of the four women. However, there was no question regarding whether the duty to investigate was demanded under articles 3 and 4 of the ECHR, but, whether the failure to investigate constituted the breach of the duty (Williams & U.N. General Assembly 1981). In deciding th e breach to act on the cases of the women, Mr. Williams evaluated in details – the evidence provided and the background information offered by the four women and other present witnesses. These witnesses included the police unit, and all the police officers engaged in the reporting of the matter or involved in evaluating the cases of the four women at some point in time. One of the claimants had also challenged the Metropolitan Police Service to offer her retribution damages amounting to ?25,000, to which they consented. The MPS also expressed regret to her, over their failure to offer the basic standards in examining the circumstances surrounding her plight, which she had reported at the Southgate police station in 2004. Mr. William also considered the conditions surrounding the cases of the three other Nigerian women – who were not party to the ?25,000 case – claiming that they had undergone similar human rights abuse, and had reported the issues to the police. The police had done nothing about their cases (Ovey &White 2006). In the same case, in November 2008 – the four claimants had ordered their solicitor to address the MPS, requiring them to carry out criminal investigations into the case, against the people involved in the abuse of the claimants. In December 2008, the MPS consented to the responsibility of undertaking the investigation into the issues surrounding the human rights abuse of the four. According to the case, it was confirmed that

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

2 - Essay Example In 2009, the poverty rose to over fourteen percent, which was the highest since 1993. In 2008, the poverty rates reduced to about thirteen percent. Generally, since 1980s, the poverty rates in U.S have been higher compared to the other wealthy nations (Hefner 7). Currently, California has over twenty percent of the poverty rate, which is the largest in all the States of America. In 2009, the poverty rates were approaching the levels of 1960s, which prompted the war against the poverty in America. In2011, the poverty levels in children, reached record high levels with over sixteen millions of children living in poverty. In 2013, the UNICEF records showed that U.S was ranked second with the highest child poverty levels among the developed nations. As at January 2009, over six hundred thousand sheltered and unsheltered people were homeless in the nation. Close to two-thirds stayed in the transitional housing program, and the emergency shelter and there are three were waiting in the stre ets. In 2008, over one million people of the America’s population were using transitional or emergency housing program and in2009 there were about forty-four percent of the employed people who were homeless. The America’s poor population has a lot that they offer in the nation building. However, the poor have been neglected in many ways, and their recognition has been assumed on many occasions, they have an alt of wealth of ideas that can be of critical importance in the nations growth. According to the article â€Å"born poor and smart,† refers to the mother who was destitute but she had brain wealthy. The woman never did things that were done by the poor counterparts. The woman had self-believe her and never allowed anyone to demean her due to her social class. In another article by Matt Yglesias, it addresses the concern of the equality between the poor and the rich (Yglesias 23). It illustrates that the

Perspective Essay Example for Free

Perspective Essay Everyone can view perspectives differently and sometimes it is hard to understand another person’s perspective. Many people do the things they do because they feel that their perspective is the right one. Personally I believe that sometimes people do not want to look at the others personal perspective because they know that they are wrong with their own. In other words, some people know what they are doing is wrong and do not want to do anything to fix it. In my perspective of being angry with my friend, I was angered that my friend who had been living with me for a week during the summer was not picking up after himself. I had to clean up all of his messes and had to make sure that our living area was not in complete disarray. It angered me because I had to clean up after him as well as myself. I feel that he should have contributed at least a little bit to our situation. We were both away from our homes and were both in the same situation and he just relied on me to be his personal â€Å"maid.† My response to this situation that I was dealing with was that I was very short tempered, and I did not want to communicate with my friend as much. He got the hint that something was wrong, but he did not have any idea about what was wrong. I tried to just blow off the situation and see if he was going to eventually start helping out, but nothing changed. Finally, I opened my mouth and told him that he needed to start helping around the place. He got super offensive and he stated, â€Å"I thought that room service was cleaning our room.† Some people expect things in life, and my friend was one of these people. My perspective changed after I looked at how this kid grew up. He had his parents and his grandma do everything for him. From doing the dishes to taking out the trash, this kid had never done a chore in his life. Sometimes you just have to look at the other person’s personal background and look at how they were raised. Of course it was not the right way to being raised, but I couldn’t control what he was used to. Problems occur in perspective taking all the time because not everyone is raised the same. Many people come from different backgrounds and different societies. We all view things differently and based on the way we were raised. Sometimes your own perspective may not be the agreeable one, and that is the hardest thing to change, especially if you grew up with it.

A Dialog Axiata Plc Management Essay

A Dialog Axiata Plc Management Essay Dialog Axiata PLC, Sri Lankas largest communications service provider is a subsidiary of Axiata Group Berhad. Dialog being the 4th entrant to Sri Lankas cellular market launched its services in 1995. They were the first digital network in South Asia to launch HSPA + which is the latest upgrade in mobile broadband. In addition to communication service, the company also offers other services such as mobile, internet, international gateway, data and backbone, fixed wireless and media related services and has 200 value added services. The company is currently serving over 7.5 million local subscribers and is the 50% market leader in this industry. They have the widest coverage reaching 95% of the population and are the only operator to cover all the districts. They have 500 salesmen on the ground along with a strong service team of 1000 staff over 125 service centre and 50,000 retailer networks. They are also the highest FD Investor in Sri Lanka. 1.2- Why is Dialog selected Dialog is one of the most reputed companies in Sri Lanka with a highly diversified group of employees where they would definitely have cross cultural issues. In addition, they have been undergoing ongoing strategic as well as transformation changes which as a result would rise to conflicts at the different levels of the hierarchy. Therefore being a large and reputed company, Dialog stands as a challenging company in the competitive market. 2- Culture at Dialog Every organization has its own culture which refers to the beliefs, ideologies, principles and also the values that the individuals of the organization share. The culture plays a vital role in the success of the organization. When it comes to Dialog, the company has adopted a very open and transparent culture where they have embodied honesty and open communication. Transparency is maintained at all levels where superiors are easily available to the subordinates. The corporate culture of the company fits to Adaptability as well as achievement oriented which emphasize winning and achieving specific ambitious goals and the company values competitiveness and personal imitativeness. Dialog is a company that is also working for the benefits of the staff. The company has a dress code policy to make the office attire equal within the staff. Staff birth days are also celebrated at the company level where the relevant departments forward the staff birthday list to HR Department on the 1st week of the month where the staff will get a gift along with an e-card. And they have a policy like staff that comes up with innovative ideas a recognized on a quarterly basis where they are provided with a reward named BRAVO in a special meeting. Obviously the above actions on the company side will lead to high motivation and increase productivity level of the staff. 2.1- Hofstedes Model Diagram 1: Hofstedes cultural 4 dimension Model Power Distance Although Sri Lanka scores high on this dimension, Dialog is more towards the low power distance. They have a decentralized hierarchy where employees and subordinates do not show inequality much. The superiors or the Management team are willing and they trust the subordinates with important jobs. Individualism vs Collectivism Dialog falls towards the collectivism, because the people in the company have stronger bonds to their groups. Masculinity vs Feminity In Dialog its more like a combination of both as this would help them for a balanced approach. They value achievement and competitiveness as well as money and power. However, they also value people and maintain good relationship with them. Uncertainty Avoidance / structured situations At Dialog, the degree of uncertainty avoidance is low. The company always welcomes for new things and changes, and embrace unpredictable situations. The company is very flexible and open to new approaches or ideas. 3- Changes in Dialog During the past, Dialog Company has undergone several Strategic as well as Operational Changes. However, in this assignment only the following recent changes are being explained; Outsourced Call Centre to Firstsource Solutions (2011) During 2011, Dialog entered into a partnership with the BPO service provider Firstsource Solutions where Firstsouce acquired 76% shares of the Dialog Company. The new company was named as Firstsource Dialog Solutions. Acquired Suntel Ltd (2012) Dialog acquired Suntel Ltd, Sri Lankas second largest wireless fixed line operator during 2012. The main reason behind this change was to eliminate one of their main competitors from the market. As a result of the change, Suntels former customer base plus all the employees were transferred to Dialog. Outsourced SAP to Attune Lanka (2012) Business set-up Over the Top Service (2012) During 2012, Dialog opened its largest hi-tech Customer Service Centre in Colombo, where they brought in 150 customer service professions trained in multiple technologies. 3.1- Resistance to Change overcoming resistance Despite the potential positive outcomes, change is often resisted at both the individual and the organizational level (Mullins, 1999). When Dialog brought the above mentioned changes as mentioned in Clause 3 above, the company faced resistances from the employees. However they overcame the main problems and issues as mentioned below; Resistance to Change Overcoming Resistance Suntel employees adapting to Dialog culture Suntel Ltd and Dialog were having two different types of corporate culture. So when Suntel Ltd was brought under Dialog, employees who were working for Suntel had a very difficult time adjusting to Dialogs new culture. As such they were given briefings, training sessions, and were well educated. Employee ranking / salary structure issues When Suntels former employees were brought to Dialog, there were some problems relating to the rankings or position levels and even with the salary structure. Therefore Dialog mapped every staff to the level and was given a probation period of 3 months with given tasks and targets. So if the relevant employee was able to perform to the expected level they were given the same position they had in Suntel. Staff transfer (Dialog Brand loyalty) When Dialogs card centre staffs were transferred to SAP, some issues were raised because people who have been working for Dialog for a long time felt bad and also they didnt actually want to leave Dialog since they felt some kind of proudness working in Dialog. However, Dialog Management convinced the staff that they would not lose anything and will get all the benefits and additional opportunities for their career development. Staff de-motivation effective communication (peers to HR) Security in the past Obviously moving to a new company would feel confused and unsecured about the new environment. In the case of Suntel Staff, they felt that they might not be able to perform well or might even lose the job. Therefore Dialog offered a job guarantee letter confirming that their jobs are not at risk. But any how they were well informed that if anyone who cannot perform to the expected level would be withdrawn from the job. 3.2- John Kotters Change Process Diagram 1: John Kotters 8 steps theory model When we look at the John Kotters change model, Dialog also initially created a sense of urgency when they underwent changes. They convinced the employees the importance of acting immediately due to high competitiveness. Also they formed a powerful group to lead the change effort and encourage the group and created a vision where they communicated with the entire employees. In order to reach the vision, they tried to remove the obstacles that might undermine the vision and encourage risk taking ideas. 3.3- Human Resources Role Human Resource is the backbone of any company and it is their duty to minimize the resistance and make the change a successful one. In Dialogue HR was very certain in properly communicating the employees about the change and ensured that there would be no harm done to any staff and as per the labour law, all the right of the employees were delivered. Even when they took over Suntel, the former staffs service period was counted on a continuing basis. For example if an employee had served Suntel for a period of 6 years, then they had counted from the 7th year when the staff joined Dialog 3.4- Force Field Analysis Force field analysis is a technique by Kurt Lewin that can be applied in a team building program. When we look at the Dialog side, the listed driving forces help the company to achieve their targets or goals. On the other hand restricting forces make it difficult to reach their targets. Some of the major critical factors in the restraining forces that the company is not able control are the high energy cost. For example, the Sri Lankan market is yet to grow but cost is very high 4- Conflicts in Dialog Problems will obviously arise in an environment where diversified people are working and especially if two companies with two different cultures are merged. In Dialog case, most of the conflict arises at the individual levels mainly due to difference in their personal views since some might think the change as a positive thing while others might take it as a threat or risk for them. Also several issues rose because Suntel staff had the feeling that they might be treated unequally or they might not get all the rights what Dialog company staffs already had. 4.1- Sources of conflicts During the change process, several conflicts raised in Dialgue which was mainly due to the following reasons; Nature of work activities When we take company buys but the Company the sales staff do all the documentation promising to give the service within two days. But if they do not hear from the company and technical staff Information not passed properly Communication barriers as difficulties in communicating to all levels of the staff can cause misunderstanding and as a result may create problems especially at the very lower level staff. For example Messenger level staff would not be able to access to intra-net plus they might not be able to understand internal memos or notices written in foreign language). Differences in perception Also different peoples perception would be different. Some may feel that merging the two companies would be obviously an opportunity for their career improvement while other might take it as a huge threat. Uncertainty of Job Security conflicts occurred.. 4.1- Effects of conflicts Conflict situations sometimes can be taken as a positive thing depending on the situation. However, some of the main negative effects of conflicts are; Stress De-motivation Absenteeism (5%) Staff turnover (5%) 4.1- Resolving conflicts When it comes to conflict within the company, Dialog takes all the relevant actions at the right time to avoid unnecessary fights and disagreements. This is because they believe that it would hugely affect the productivity level of the employees. The company has a written code of conduct where every employee follows and is aware about the companies policies and procedures. When handling conflicts, the matter is first discussed at the supervisor or the relevant department level and thereafter then line Manager. If the matter is still not solved then the issue is raised to the HR Dept and further to Senior Management level. In worst cases, Arbitrators are invited to solve the problem if required. When it comes to the procedures, first the staff is negotiated verbally and if that does not help, written explanation as well as enquiries is done. However if all these actions do not work then written warnings are also given. 5- Change Management through organization learning 51- Single Loop Double Loop Learning model As per the model, Dialog uses the two ways to learn from their experience; Single Loop Learning The company takes corrective action to avoid or resolve a mistake but does not go deep into the matter. Double Loop Learning This is where the company looks into the root of the problem to find the underlying cause of the problem. 6- Conclusion Based on the above information and extensive research done, it may be concluded that the company has a very open and transparent culture. In addition, it is successful in managing culture, change and conflict. This is because Dialog Company has a set procedure for everything as per their Code of Conduct. Further when a new staff joins or is recruited, the staff will be provided with a clearly written job description so that everybody would know what is their role and what is expected from them. 7- Recommendations Although the company is successful in managing change and conflicts, the following recommendations would enable the company more Build an innovative platform to encourage creativity among staff Although staff is given the opportunity to come up with innovative ideas, at the moment the company does not have a special department When outsourcing give more choice to employees to choose their own way When outsourcing we feel that the staff should be given a chance to choose what is best for them. For example in case when card centre of Dialog was outsourced, they were not given any chance for their own views whether they want a transfer to another department within Dialog or want to join the new company. If they should have given the chance or at least got some feedback, then they might not have felt negative. Introduce job enrichment to motivate the staffs At the moment there is no job rotation or job enrichment programes within the company. However, if job enrichment programme is introduced, the staff would feel more motivated and responsible for their work. It would enable them to try new tasks and stretch their skills beyond what they have been doing all the time. Go GREEN In order to reduce the companys high energy cost, it can go to solar panels

Development Using XNA Game Studio

Development Using XNA Game Studio Chapter 1: Preface Over the past few years where two dimensional and three dimensional graphic has been utilized consecutively for developing computer games and console games. Two dimensional graphic games have been very popular since the beginning of 1940s and thats where it all started at the first place. It started with 2D games at first which is developed for the use of arcade mainframes and console machines, followed by the development of computer games for mainframe computers. Through the innovation development of dimensional graphic games, 3 dimensional games were to emerge as the most popular game genre which started in the late 80s. But despise all the development of 3D games in the games software industries, 2D games are still being developed in the new market. This is because 2D games are still being preferred by many people in the world, and due to this point, games software vendors are still taking account of 2D games development. In the past few years, starting from the year 2000, 2D games starts to become widely know and played by many users with the development of mobile games and internet web based games. There have been rapid development of 2D technology to create new application games for the growing internet network, more and more website incorporate web based 2D mini games, online games and puzzle games. Its been proven that 2D games are getting more and more popular compared to the years before year 2000, and with more websites trying to incorporate 2D games towards their web as the 3rd party application. Such website is like the ever popular facebook.com incorporating hundreds and even thousands of 2D games as the 3rd party game application to attract more and more people towards joining the social web network. Few years back, Microsoft introduced the XNA Game Studio software distributed across the internet to enable software programmers to develop new games for windows platform and also the new XBOX 360. The XNA game studio is licensed software, but with the MSDN help, the author as a student get to have the chance to obtain a tryout of this Microsoft XNA game studio. According to Microsoft, XNA game studio will need to be incorporated with Microsoft Visual Studio to enable references to be added in the system coding. If we were to look back few years before, developing a game even for a two dimensional game would took probably months and even years, a simple personal computer would not even be sufficient to run the system codes, execute the game, and debug the system. And even with the availability of the development tools, it would surely require serious experts to come out with a game system coding, due to the complicated level of programming language available during the urban times. In other words there are almost none development tools available to reach in the hands of the student, or internet users to develop their own games by themselves. And by looking at the games development now, and comparing them, it is a breakthrough for the games development. As I foresees the development potential for two dimensional games, I am sure that two dimensional game will have plenty of development potential in the future, as its been proven development of two dimensional games did not stop although three dimensional games been around for quite a long time, it didnt manage to replace the two dimensional games market its technology. There are quite a few reasons why two dimensional games are still around developing, which mainly are because of its cheap development cost, simple development process, easy for users to understand and well played. Its one of the reasons why Microsoft, the top player in IT industry is still in for two dimensional games development and searching for the breakthrough for it by creating development tools to support the development of two dimensional games. Chapter 2: Development Tools Introduction This chapter was designed to elaborate the use of each development tools which is related towards developing the XNA BubbleBall Attack 2D game. In order to produce this game system a set of software development tools need to be installed on the developers machine to enable full support to the game system. All identified developing tools which is related in the development process includes DirectX SDK (DirectX Software Development Kit) a set of application programming interfaces designed to handle tasks. It is a development tool containing all DirectX software required to build and produce cutting-edge, rich media interactive applications. Microsoft .NET Framework is required for its library reference of coding solutions to common problems and local machine to manage execution of code written programs specifically for the Microsoft framework. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is the development tool used to write for the game system coding. This application is used to build up the game system code, code debugging process, system appearance design, execution of game system, it is mainly the key development tool used in this project. Microsoft XNA Game Studio is utilized by me the system programmer to design the animation, sound, and the entire multimedia enhancement required for the game system. This tool is required to be included in this process to enable the coding languages to add references in its library files and to execute the library files in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. Without this tool, the coding language will never be executed because failure in retrieving the coding files from the library files. Adobe Photoshop C3 is used by the developer to create image file as the two dimensional graphic to be presented in the system. All animation that present in the system is created by this tool and included in the system as the two dimensional graphic. DirectX SDK DirectX SDK is developed by Microsoft with the objective of allowing the creation of application for a certain software package, software framework, hardware plat form, computer system, video game console, operating system or any other similar platform which supports DirectX. DirectX SDK comes in a set of development tools which contains of all the DirectX software needed for a game developer to create DirectX based application using the Visual Basic.Net, C or C++, and C+ coding language which was developed by Microsoft. The reason why DirectX SDK is so powerful was mainly because it was made up from many different system tools which some of the main components includes: DirectX headers and libraries DirectX system runtime components DirectX Application Programming Interfaces Documentations Additional application and source code developed using DirectX compliant Various powerful tools and utilities integrated to the DirectX SDK This development tool allows me to take a complete advantage of DirectX technologies for creating excellent games and graphic applications. DirectX SDK allows developers to utilize its latest technology in hardware innovation for developing powerful games. DirectX SDK will receive update in its version releases to keep up with the latest technology enhanced within the DirectX software this is necessary to boost the codes, tools, library files and the documentation for every Microsoft Platform SDK. Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with an important feature which is the D3DX library acts like a toolkit which provides developers with high level functionality to help create DirectX applications. This feature helps to optimize low level routines so as to obtain the best performance out of Microsoft platform. Incorporated with basic features such as math calculation and texture loading routines, updated technology in art manipulating content including tangent frame generation, mesh optimization and Precomputed Radiance Transfer. DirectX SDK come with many other features such as D3DX effects framework, High Level Shading Languages, Shader Debugger, PIX for Window Platform. These technologies will help developer in all way developing their game system accordingly. DirectX SDK will be able to integrate with Microsoft Visual Studio .Net to enable developers to code their system using it. Pipelining feature will be enabled with the integration of DirectX SDK towards Microsoft Visual Studio .Net, these enable developers to code for pipelining structure for their game application. Certain samples will be included within DirectX SDK to help developers to understand the technologies used in DirectX. In other words DirectX SDK will help developers by providing technical solution, best suitable graphic rendering outcome, graphic localization, code implementation, library files, better and simple developing experience, and also how to render and produce most from interactive audio. Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with all the features and tools needed for the graphic rendering, audio rendering, and visualization for game developers to make use of in order to create powerful DirectX based applications either for a simple game or a complicated game development. Microsoft .NET Framework Microsoft .Net Framework is a platform or so what people called a development environment to seamlessly create applications that accessible through developers computer from all across the world. It is an application adopted to comply with open standards such as eXtensible Markup Languages, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and Simple Object Access Protocol in order to interact with applications that are available in other platform. .Net Framework is platform independent and language independent system which allows the developer to use different programming languages such as VB.Net, C#, Jscript, VBscript, C and C++ to run applications on different platform such as Unix, Mac, Linux, and Window. .Net Framework enables developer to use various libraries to help in developing and application faster, easier and cheaper. As for now, .Net Framework is identified to be able to support over 20 different programming languages. There is a reason for why .Net Framework is built to support multiple different types of programming languages is explained by the concept of Common Language Runtime engine. CLR engine compiles the code into Microsoft Intermediate Language. The MSIL is a set of instructions used to translate the codes into native codes making .Net Framework capable of language and platform independent. CLR is also responsible for run time services such as language integration, security enforcement, memory process and thread management. In addition, .Net Framework provides wide infrastructure to create web applications and non web applications. As for the time being, Microsoft has claimed .Net Framework comes in two different categories which is CLR and .Net Framework class library. Common Language Runtime is responsible to provide common runtime services to all .Net based applications. As for more CLR reduces the developers time to code for an application by utilizing its feature like life cycle management, strong type naming, cross language exception handling, and dynamic binding designed to turn application development software into reusable components. As for .Net Framework class library, it appears that this system consists of predefined sets of functionality that developer can freely utilize to enhance their application. The class library consists of three major components which are: ASP.NET Windows Form ADO.NET Well for this game application project, I will be using CLR and also .Net Framework class library as VB.NET and Window Form will be use for my game application as the two key component. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 was released in 19 November 2007 replacing the older version of Visual Studio with the newer enhanced version of Visual Studio. Visual Studio 2008 is focused based on the development for Window Vista, Microsoft Office 2007 system and web applications. Visual Studio 2008 requires .NET Framework 3.5 to run properly and to process compiles assemblies. Visual Studio 2008 will possess the ability to chooses and utilize different .NET framework version depending to the developers choice. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 delivers on Microsofts vision of smart client applications by enabling developers to rapidly create new applications without ignoring the quality of the application with accounted rich user experiences. Visual Studio 2008 comes with the ability for the developer to capture and analyze information to help make effective decisions. Packed with the ability for developer to rapidly create secured, manageable, and reliable applications is the strongest advantage of using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. Visual Studio 2008 promised to be able to deliver key advances for developers in three primary pillars which are: Rapid Application Development Effective team collaboration Breakthrough user experiences Visual Studio 2008 has received a many users feedback and most of them are identified to be positive. Based on the three pillars, users feedbacks are mostly related to those of the three with different technology area. They are categorized into seven technology areas Focused on Smart Client Application Development Microsoft Office Applications Integrated Window Platform Applications Integrated Enhanced Productivity in Data Handling Enabling New Web Experiences Improved Overall Developer Experience Enhanced Application Lifecycle Management It is the most effective smart client development to begin with good application design. Able to integrate UI designers into development process by supporting most of the popular languages such as VB.NET, C++, C#, Jscript, and many of others. The first reason that I find to use Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 in my system development are mainly because it has a very good system development tools which is capable of rapid application development and the easy to understand .NET code languages, which is the language I preferred the most among all other programming language. Microsoft XNA Game Studio Microsoft XNA Game Studio is a set of game development tools designed based on supported versions of Microsoft Visual Studio tools that allows developers to build up games supported by Window platform, Microsoft XBOX 360 game console, and Microsoft Zune. XNA Game Studio will require both Microsoft DirectX SDK and Microsoft .Net Framework to run correctly when integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. This tool comes including the XNA Framework which acts as same as Microsoft .Net Framework. The XNA Framework will integrate XNA library files onto Visual Studio 2008 to enable XNA graphic and audio coding to get executed. XNA Game Studio is seamlessly integrated with supported version of Microsoft Visual Studio tools, this integration will enable developers to use new coding structure to develop two and three dimensional games easily due to new library files added to the Visual Studio base library, developers will have a new experience in learning new codes which only works with the XNA Game Studio integration. XNA Game Studio provides three main features which are: Game component models New framework library designed to support Microsoft Windows, XBOX 360, and Zune game development Integration with XNA Framework Content Pipeline. Microsoft XNA Game Studio has become popular since it has been launched years ago, the reason why more and more people are utilizing it is because if new technology in game development breakthrough, the rapid application development, and the game quality produced. Adobe Photoshop C3 Adobe Photoshop is simply an advanced graphic editing program designed and published by Adobe Systems. Adobe Photoshop managed to rise up as the graphic development software after years of competing in the market. Now, Adobe Photoshop is considered to be the top in its market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation software. Furthermore, Adobe Photoshop is known to be the flagship product in its company and the main development focus of the company. Adobe Photoshop is developed to be a software targeting the graphic professional industry, its name has been around the graphic development tool industry for years. For so it gained the fame and popularity through time. Adobe Photoshop is consider to be the best, rated as a killer application for both MAC and Window OS. Adobe Photoshop were born out from its first generation program named ImagePro in 1987. Developed by the Knoll Brothers, Thomas Knoll and John Knoll. The first published Photoshop program managed to sold at 200 copies which is considered a good outcome. And soon, in the following year, after the Adobe is established, the Knoll brothers purchases Adobe Photoshop distribution license to begin distributing Adobe Photoshop worldwide. The reason Adobe Photoshop is used in the project development were mainly to develop image files which serves the purpose as two dimensional graphic rendered to the system. Image files are designed and edited in the Photoshop so that it could be added later to the system as the active two dimensional graphic. Chapter 3: Research on the technology related to 2D games and game systems programming Two Dimensional Graphic Two Dimensional games know as 2D computer graphic games are a computer based graphic images. These images are made up from 2D digital images, 2D texts, and 2D geometric models. Images can vary from image compositions, pixel arts, digital arts, photographs, and texts. 2D graphics are frequently used most in the graphic industry because of its conveniences and simple rendering. Nowadays almost all of the websites incorporates 2D graphic content into its webpage, those graphic content may vary from a tiny graphic image file to a fully functional 2D games. Therefore 2D graphic plays an important part in the information technology field. Two dimensional graphic have certain advantages which makes it to be superior when compared with three dimensional graphic. The three main differences which makes 2D graphic to be superior are: Able to render faster than 3D graphic This point makes developers to choose 2D graphic for low bandwidth consumption. And also why means rendering it also means that 2D graphic is produced faster when compared with 3D development. Thus 2D graphic can be developed with rapid application development tools. Creating simple games such as puzzle, card, and board games where high degree of realism is not required. 2D games are categorized as a simple graphic structure which can be easily developed, thus it does not require the graphics to be truly realistic. Games that is developed using 2D technology will be simple looking, not too complex, and depends a lot on the graphic coloring. Supported by all of the operating system 2D graphic technology is used heavily on the appearance of an operating system to increase system load efficiency. Thus OS such as Window, Mac and Linux implements lots of 2D graphic objects which increases the loading speed and reduces CPU workload in rendering OS graphical interface. Two dimensional graphic started back during 1950s using vector graphic devices. Soon enough raster based graphic technology was introduced and manage to take over the usage of vector graphic. Vector Graphics Vector graphics uses mathematical relationships between points and the paths connecting them to shape the image. Vector graphic emphasizes much more on the quality of the image compared with the raster graphic. Thus raster graphic are usually used to represent photographic images because of the quality it possess. Vector graphic are made from smooth quality images which do not suffers from loss of image quality even after resized. This is the main key point why people prefers vector over raster graphics. The Figure 3.1.1.1 above shows the differences of the vector and raster graphic when the image is displayed in magnified condition. The left side of the picture is represented with vector graphic, the magnified image is displayed which total quality of the source image, produced with full quality of smoothness. Where else raster graphic, is represented at the right side with a bitmap image, which suffers great loss of picture quality due to the source image is produced with arrays of pixels. In other word when judging an image quality, vector based graphic image wins fair. Vector graphics possess four main key advantages that makes it superior graphic which is: Complete Scalability A vector graphic image allows picture resizing without suffering any quality loss. This applies to any size of picture whether it is at a size of a poster or business card. This is the key advantage of vector graphic. Compatibility for both web and print Due to the image quality is always high, for this reason vector images are always compatible with printing specification and also web images. Unlike raster bitmaps which has a limited graphic resolution minimum of 300 dpi to be able to display the image in the paper and also in webpage. Completely editable using imaging tools Vector graphics is completely editable using both vector and raster graphic editing tools such as Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator. Images can be resized, skewed, rotated, reshaped, combines with other vector model, and other functions that is supported by both vector graphic and the imaging tools. Supporting Background Transparency Vector graphics will support all types of background, with any color or pattern, either it is with another raster graphic or vector. Vector graphics when displayed in computer display will produce results of grids of small rectangular cells called pixels, vector graphics are composed of tiny pixel dots far smaller than raster graphics. Raster Graphics Raster Graphics is a type of graphic in which the image of it is separated into matrix of picture elements which is known as pixels. An image with the present of pixels in the image file is made up by rows and columns of pixels lines up forming an image in the picture. Each of the pixels will be assigned with different or same color which serves the purpose of creating color depth of an image, this is often referred as number of bits needed to encode all the colors. Raster graphics are usually coded in typical bits depth with are used nowadays in: Black and white ( Two Colors ) : 1 Bit Color shades of gray ( Four Colors ) : 2 Bit 16 Colors : 4 Bit 256 Colors : 8 Bit 65, 536 Colors ( 65K High Colors ) : 16 Bit True Color : 24 Bit True Color ( Improved ) : 32 Bit In a raster graphic image, the numbers of row and column determines the image resolution, in other words the more pixels presented in an image the higher the resolution. Image resolutions are calculated using total pixels present in the first row multiplied by total pixel present in the first column. If the image is presented in certain physical size, then the size will combine with the number of pixels resulting with number of Dot Per Inch (DPI) in the image. DPI is a measurement of an images resolution. A high resolution image will present in higher DPI with smaller dot, this makes it harder to be spotted as individual spot in the image. Raster Graphic is much more convenient when compared to vector graphic. They are resolution independent, thus it happens that raster graphic can be used to represent a photo realistic images in a short amount of time. But because of certain limitation in raster graphic, it makes the quality of the image to be vary from different source of quality. Pixels tend to get arranged in a regular pattern, resulting weird shaping pattern displayed in the screen of a computer monitor. Rather if the pixels are assigned with wrong color, the whole image might get displayed weirdly with all the color mixed. If a resolution is too low and the contrast is too high, certain pixels will stand out leaving the image with jaggies. Figure 3.1.2.1 is a raster graphic image which shows clearly the pixel resolutions of the image. As the image shows the rectangular array of dots which is large enough to be identified using the eye of a human, these rectangular are call pixels. The image is displayed by drawing the pixels sequentially in a fixed order either from the left to right or top to bottom. The image of a fish is made up using plain white and blue color which is assigned to each of the pixel dots. Usually a raster image is made up from high resolution in which pixel dots are not visible from humans eye sight. But the above image is a low resolution raster image, thus pixels are visible. Raster graphic are presented in digital file format usually in JPEG images, Bitmap images, GIF images, TIFF images and PNG images. The usage of raster graphic has been popular since the rise of World Wide Web in the internet. This is because raster graphic presents huge advantages when it is utilized within the web network. Advantages of raster graphic are: Widely used in personal computer in displaying images. Most of computer operating system nowadays supports raster image display as the basic image file distribution. Digital images are used widely in operating system as the main graphic image display. This is the strongest advantage of raster graphic. Web standard for image uploading, display, image file distribution and file download due to the small file size. Its one of the main reason raster image is widely distributed across web. Resolution image independent, able to display all resolution types of image file. Can be edited using image developing tools. Throughout all the advantages may be excellent in a point of view, but raster graphic image easily suffers from quality loss due to its pixel dot independent resolution. Most of the image file used to display raster graphic image have a limited color support which disadvantages in image color displayed in the monitor. Raster graphic images that are distributed across the network may be compressed to reduce its file size, this is a drawback as compressing the image file usually will reduce its image quality. Benefits from Two Dimensional Games Programming Over Three Dimensional Games Development Cost This point is obviously correct and without doubt, 2D games development is really cheaper when it is compared to 3D games development due to the difference of content creation. The move towards hi-definition graphic content has brought 3D games a breakthrough in the games technology, but at the same time the cost of development has also double up because of using new developed engines which is expensive. Most 3D games development faces high development cost and they are still in researching of new game engines to cut down the development costs. Unlike 2D games engines, they are sold cheaper than most of the 3D game engines in the market. This point is based on the logical assumption that 3D is a newer technology which need more resources for development and 2D is a traditional game technology which is developed even before existence of 3D, thus making it to be considered not as complex as 3D games development Graphical Processing Performance 2D games development uses lower processing speed and power compared with 3D development. In the old days where personal computers are still not as advance as nowadays, it is impossible to commence development in either 3D or 2D games development. But considering the advance of technologies nowadays which makes most of those not too complex games development of 2D and 3D graphic possible. In the old days personal computer lacks of the processing speed and memory capacity to run the system process. The reason why 2D games requires less graphical processing performance is because 2D games uses less graphical animation which would requires heavy framerate processing with fast processing speed. Shaders capabilities in 2D graphics All thanks to the shaders technology used in the 3D technology, 2D graphics can now implement of shaders. 2D graphics can be enriched with a soft look to the entire scene, bloom effect, glowing effects and graphic effects. Shaders enable 2D graphic animation to improve its quality and technology. Although shaders brings lots of new effects to the 2D graphic, but its still in experimental stage where its relatively unexplored concept that has a lot of potential. Real time audio synthesis 2D games once uses midi and redbook audio for its audio sound effects, its the only available audio technology that is supported by the 2D graphic games. But that was during the old days. With the help of VST instruments, real time synthesis of audio can be implemented towards 2D game development. Music in games can expand beyond playback into performing dynamic arrangements and dynamic synthesis. The game can be implemented with audio music that is suitable with the nature of the game type accordingly. With the advanced processing power, a complete real time audio track can be implemented using VST effects in the form of compressors, equalizers and mixing tables. With this technology, 2D game nowadays could experience rich enhancement to bring new breakthrough. 2D Multiplayer Online Games Despite 2D multiplayer games are being made in application program, there are publishers that release 2D online games which has gained quite the fame among online users. Despite the simple concept of 2D programming, new technologies enable the developers to actually implement 2D online games into website. Incorporating both the 2D engine and game program directly into web browsers nowadays. This is a very convenient and brilliant way into marketing 2D games online as no setups and download are required. This new technology has helps 2D games to be once again gain popularity in the world. Programming Language Programming language is the all time famous programming instructions which are created by developers since late 40s until today which is to serve the purpose to create applications. The so call programming language is actually a set of languages which composed of words, symbols, and numbers which is made up to be algorithms that each type of language differs. In other words Programming Language is actually a set of instructions that constructs the logic of the system, instructs every action of the system and performs of functions. As human language are too difficult for a computer to understand, thus commands of programming language are used to replace human language so computers will understand the way it was designed for the same purpose. In game development, programming process is inevitable, the functional process in the system is fully dependent to the programming code which is written in its way. The way game system reacts will turn out running according to the programming code structure in which the programmer designed it to be. So far in the game development coding technology, only certain programming languages are capable in developing 2D and 3D game system. And most of the p Development Using XNA Game Studio Development Using XNA Game Studio Chapter 1: Preface Over the past few years where two dimensional and three dimensional graphic has been utilized consecutively for developing computer games and console games. Two dimensional graphic games have been very popular since the beginning of 1940s and thats where it all started at the first place. It started with 2D games at first which is developed for the use of arcade mainframes and console machines, followed by the development of computer games for mainframe computers. Through the innovation development of dimensional graphic games, 3 dimensional games were to emerge as the most popular game genre which started in the late 80s. But despise all the development of 3D games in the games software industries, 2D games are still being developed in the new market. This is because 2D games are still being preferred by many people in the world, and due to this point, games software vendors are still taking account of 2D games development. In the past few years, starting from the year 2000, 2D games starts to become widely know and played by many users with the development of mobile games and internet web based games. There have been rapid development of 2D technology to create new application games for the growing internet network, more and more website incorporate web based 2D mini games, online games and puzzle games. Its been proven that 2D games are getting more and more popular compared to the years before year 2000, and with more websites trying to incorporate 2D games towards their web as the 3rd party application. Such website is like the ever popular facebook.com incorporating hundreds and even thousands of 2D games as the 3rd party game application to attract more and more people towards joining the social web network. Few years back, Microsoft introduced the XNA Game Studio software distributed across the internet to enable software programmers to develop new games for windows platform and also the new XBOX 360. The XNA game studio is licensed software, but with the MSDN help, the author as a student get to have the chance to obtain a tryout of this Microsoft XNA game studio. According to Microsoft, XNA game studio will need to be incorporated with Microsoft Visual Studio to enable references to be added in the system coding. If we were to look back few years before, developing a game even for a two dimensional game would took probably months and even years, a simple personal computer would not even be sufficient to run the system codes, execute the game, and debug the system. And even with the availability of the development tools, it would surely require serious experts to come out with a game system coding, due to the complicated level of programming language available during the urban times. In other words there are almost none development tools available to reach in the hands of the student, or internet users to develop their own games by themselves. And by looking at the games development now, and comparing them, it is a breakthrough for the games development. As I foresees the development potential for two dimensional games, I am sure that two dimensional game will have plenty of development potential in the future, as its been proven development of two dimensional games did not stop although three dimensional games been around for quite a long time, it didnt manage to replace the two dimensional games market its technology. There are quite a few reasons why two dimensional games are still around developing, which mainly are because of its cheap development cost, simple development process, easy for users to understand and well played. Its one of the reasons why Microsoft, the top player in IT industry is still in for two dimensional games development and searching for the breakthrough for it by creating development tools to support the development of two dimensional games. Chapter 2: Development Tools Introduction This chapter was designed to elaborate the use of each development tools which is related towards developing the XNA BubbleBall Attack 2D game. In order to produce this game system a set of software development tools need to be installed on the developers machine to enable full support to the game system. All identified developing tools which is related in the development process includes DirectX SDK (DirectX Software Development Kit) a set of application programming interfaces designed to handle tasks. It is a development tool containing all DirectX software required to build and produce cutting-edge, rich media interactive applications. Microsoft .NET Framework is required for its library reference of coding solutions to common problems and local machine to manage execution of code written programs specifically for the Microsoft framework. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is the development tool used to write for the game system coding. This application is used to build up the game system code, code debugging process, system appearance design, execution of game system, it is mainly the key development tool used in this project. Microsoft XNA Game Studio is utilized by me the system programmer to design the animation, sound, and the entire multimedia enhancement required for the game system. This tool is required to be included in this process to enable the coding languages to add references in its library files and to execute the library files in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. Without this tool, the coding language will never be executed because failure in retrieving the coding files from the library files. Adobe Photoshop C3 is used by the developer to create image file as the two dimensional graphic to be presented in the system. All animation that present in the system is created by this tool and included in the system as the two dimensional graphic. DirectX SDK DirectX SDK is developed by Microsoft with the objective of allowing the creation of application for a certain software package, software framework, hardware plat form, computer system, video game console, operating system or any other similar platform which supports DirectX. DirectX SDK comes in a set of development tools which contains of all the DirectX software needed for a game developer to create DirectX based application using the Visual Basic.Net, C or C++, and C+ coding language which was developed by Microsoft. The reason why DirectX SDK is so powerful was mainly because it was made up from many different system tools which some of the main components includes: DirectX headers and libraries DirectX system runtime components DirectX Application Programming Interfaces Documentations Additional application and source code developed using DirectX compliant Various powerful tools and utilities integrated to the DirectX SDK This development tool allows me to take a complete advantage of DirectX technologies for creating excellent games and graphic applications. DirectX SDK allows developers to utilize its latest technology in hardware innovation for developing powerful games. DirectX SDK will receive update in its version releases to keep up with the latest technology enhanced within the DirectX software this is necessary to boost the codes, tools, library files and the documentation for every Microsoft Platform SDK. Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with an important feature which is the D3DX library acts like a toolkit which provides developers with high level functionality to help create DirectX applications. This feature helps to optimize low level routines so as to obtain the best performance out of Microsoft platform. Incorporated with basic features such as math calculation and texture loading routines, updated technology in art manipulating content including tangent frame generation, mesh optimization and Precomputed Radiance Transfer. DirectX SDK come with many other features such as D3DX effects framework, High Level Shading Languages, Shader Debugger, PIX for Window Platform. These technologies will help developer in all way developing their game system accordingly. DirectX SDK will be able to integrate with Microsoft Visual Studio .Net to enable developers to code their system using it. Pipelining feature will be enabled with the integration of DirectX SDK towards Microsoft Visual Studio .Net, these enable developers to code for pipelining structure for their game application. Certain samples will be included within DirectX SDK to help developers to understand the technologies used in DirectX. In other words DirectX SDK will help developers by providing technical solution, best suitable graphic rendering outcome, graphic localization, code implementation, library files, better and simple developing experience, and also how to render and produce most from interactive audio. Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with all the features and tools needed for the graphic rendering, audio rendering, and visualization for game developers to make use of in order to create powerful DirectX based applications either for a simple game or a complicated game development. Microsoft .NET Framework Microsoft .Net Framework is a platform or so what people called a development environment to seamlessly create applications that accessible through developers computer from all across the world. It is an application adopted to comply with open standards such as eXtensible Markup Languages, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and Simple Object Access Protocol in order to interact with applications that are available in other platform. .Net Framework is platform independent and language independent system which allows the developer to use different programming languages such as VB.Net, C#, Jscript, VBscript, C and C++ to run applications on different platform such as Unix, Mac, Linux, and Window. .Net Framework enables developer to use various libraries to help in developing and application faster, easier and cheaper. As for now, .Net Framework is identified to be able to support over 20 different programming languages. There is a reason for why .Net Framework is built to support multiple different types of programming languages is explained by the concept of Common Language Runtime engine. CLR engine compiles the code into Microsoft Intermediate Language. The MSIL is a set of instructions used to translate the codes into native codes making .Net Framework capable of language and platform independent. CLR is also responsible for run time services such as language integration, security enforcement, memory process and thread management. In addition, .Net Framework provides wide infrastructure to create web applications and non web applications. As for the time being, Microsoft has claimed .Net Framework comes in two different categories which is CLR and .Net Framework class library. Common Language Runtime is responsible to provide common runtime services to all .Net based applications. As for more CLR reduces the developers time to code for an application by utilizing its feature like life cycle management, strong type naming, cross language exception handling, and dynamic binding designed to turn application development software into reusable components. As for .Net Framework class library, it appears that this system consists of predefined sets of functionality that developer can freely utilize to enhance their application. The class library consists of three major components which are: ASP.NET Windows Form ADO.NET Well for this game application project, I will be using CLR and also .Net Framework class library as VB.NET and Window Form will be use for my game application as the two key component. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 was released in 19 November 2007 replacing the older version of Visual Studio with the newer enhanced version of Visual Studio. Visual Studio 2008 is focused based on the development for Window Vista, Microsoft Office 2007 system and web applications. Visual Studio 2008 requires .NET Framework 3.5 to run properly and to process compiles assemblies. Visual Studio 2008 will possess the ability to chooses and utilize different .NET framework version depending to the developers choice. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 delivers on Microsofts vision of smart client applications by enabling developers to rapidly create new applications without ignoring the quality of the application with accounted rich user experiences. Visual Studio 2008 comes with the ability for the developer to capture and analyze information to help make effective decisions. Packed with the ability for developer to rapidly create secured, manageable, and reliable applications is the strongest advantage of using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. Visual Studio 2008 promised to be able to deliver key advances for developers in three primary pillars which are: Rapid Application Development Effective team collaboration Breakthrough user experiences Visual Studio 2008 has received a many users feedback and most of them are identified to be positive. Based on the three pillars, users feedbacks are mostly related to those of the three with different technology area. They are categorized into seven technology areas Focused on Smart Client Application Development Microsoft Office Applications Integrated Window Platform Applications Integrated Enhanced Productivity in Data Handling Enabling New Web Experiences Improved Overall Developer Experience Enhanced Application Lifecycle Management It is the most effective smart client development to begin with good application design. Able to integrate UI designers into development process by supporting most of the popular languages such as VB.NET, C++, C#, Jscript, and many of others. The first reason that I find to use Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 in my system development are mainly because it has a very good system development tools which is capable of rapid application development and the easy to understand .NET code languages, which is the language I preferred the most among all other programming language. Microsoft XNA Game Studio Microsoft XNA Game Studio is a set of game development tools designed based on supported versions of Microsoft Visual Studio tools that allows developers to build up games supported by Window platform, Microsoft XBOX 360 game console, and Microsoft Zune. XNA Game Studio will require both Microsoft DirectX SDK and Microsoft .Net Framework to run correctly when integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. This tool comes including the XNA Framework which acts as same as Microsoft .Net Framework. The XNA Framework will integrate XNA library files onto Visual Studio 2008 to enable XNA graphic and audio coding to get executed. XNA Game Studio is seamlessly integrated with supported version of Microsoft Visual Studio tools, this integration will enable developers to use new coding structure to develop two and three dimensional games easily due to new library files added to the Visual Studio base library, developers will have a new experience in learning new codes which only works with the XNA Game Studio integration. XNA Game Studio provides three main features which are: Game component models New framework library designed to support Microsoft Windows, XBOX 360, and Zune game development Integration with XNA Framework Content Pipeline. Microsoft XNA Game Studio has become popular since it has been launched years ago, the reason why more and more people are utilizing it is because if new technology in game development breakthrough, the rapid application development, and the game quality produced. Adobe Photoshop C3 Adobe Photoshop is simply an advanced graphic editing program designed and published by Adobe Systems. Adobe Photoshop managed to rise up as the graphic development software after years of competing in the market. Now, Adobe Photoshop is considered to be the top in its market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation software. Furthermore, Adobe Photoshop is known to be the flagship product in its company and the main development focus of the company. Adobe Photoshop is developed to be a software targeting the graphic professional industry, its name has been around the graphic development tool industry for years. For so it gained the fame and popularity through time. Adobe Photoshop is consider to be the best, rated as a killer application for both MAC and Window OS. Adobe Photoshop were born out from its first generation program named ImagePro in 1987. Developed by the Knoll Brothers, Thomas Knoll and John Knoll. The first published Photoshop program managed to sold at 200 copies which is considered a good outcome. And soon, in the following year, after the Adobe is established, the Knoll brothers purchases Adobe Photoshop distribution license to begin distributing Adobe Photoshop worldwide. The reason Adobe Photoshop is used in the project development were mainly to develop image files which serves the purpose as two dimensional graphic rendered to the system. Image files are designed and edited in the Photoshop so that it could be added later to the system as the active two dimensional graphic. Chapter 3: Research on the technology related to 2D games and game systems programming Two Dimensional Graphic Two Dimensional games know as 2D computer graphic games are a computer based graphic images. These images are made up from 2D digital images, 2D texts, and 2D geometric models. Images can vary from image compositions, pixel arts, digital arts, photographs, and texts. 2D graphics are frequently used most in the graphic industry because of its conveniences and simple rendering. Nowadays almost all of the websites incorporates 2D graphic content into its webpage, those graphic content may vary from a tiny graphic image file to a fully functional 2D games. Therefore 2D graphic plays an important part in the information technology field. Two dimensional graphic have certain advantages which makes it to be superior when compared with three dimensional graphic. The three main differences which makes 2D graphic to be superior are: Able to render faster than 3D graphic This point makes developers to choose 2D graphic for low bandwidth consumption. And also why means rendering it also means that 2D graphic is produced faster when compared with 3D development. Thus 2D graphic can be developed with rapid application development tools. Creating simple games such as puzzle, card, and board games where high degree of realism is not required. 2D games are categorized as a simple graphic structure which can be easily developed, thus it does not require the graphics to be truly realistic. Games that is developed using 2D technology will be simple looking, not too complex, and depends a lot on the graphic coloring. Supported by all of the operating system 2D graphic technology is used heavily on the appearance of an operating system to increase system load efficiency. Thus OS such as Window, Mac and Linux implements lots of 2D graphic objects which increases the loading speed and reduces CPU workload in rendering OS graphical interface. Two dimensional graphic started back during 1950s using vector graphic devices. Soon enough raster based graphic technology was introduced and manage to take over the usage of vector graphic. Vector Graphics Vector graphics uses mathematical relationships between points and the paths connecting them to shape the image. Vector graphic emphasizes much more on the quality of the image compared with the raster graphic. Thus raster graphic are usually used to represent photographic images because of the quality it possess. Vector graphic are made from smooth quality images which do not suffers from loss of image quality even after resized. This is the main key point why people prefers vector over raster graphics. The Figure 3.1.1.1 above shows the differences of the vector and raster graphic when the image is displayed in magnified condition. The left side of the picture is represented with vector graphic, the magnified image is displayed which total quality of the source image, produced with full quality of smoothness. Where else raster graphic, is represented at the right side with a bitmap image, which suffers great loss of picture quality due to the source image is produced with arrays of pixels. In other word when judging an image quality, vector based graphic image wins fair. Vector graphics possess four main key advantages that makes it superior graphic which is: Complete Scalability A vector graphic image allows picture resizing without suffering any quality loss. This applies to any size of picture whether it is at a size of a poster or business card. This is the key advantage of vector graphic. Compatibility for both web and print Due to the image quality is always high, for this reason vector images are always compatible with printing specification and also web images. Unlike raster bitmaps which has a limited graphic resolution minimum of 300 dpi to be able to display the image in the paper and also in webpage. Completely editable using imaging tools Vector graphics is completely editable using both vector and raster graphic editing tools such as Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator. Images can be resized, skewed, rotated, reshaped, combines with other vector model, and other functions that is supported by both vector graphic and the imaging tools. Supporting Background Transparency Vector graphics will support all types of background, with any color or pattern, either it is with another raster graphic or vector. Vector graphics when displayed in computer display will produce results of grids of small rectangular cells called pixels, vector graphics are composed of tiny pixel dots far smaller than raster graphics. Raster Graphics Raster Graphics is a type of graphic in which the image of it is separated into matrix of picture elements which is known as pixels. An image with the present of pixels in the image file is made up by rows and columns of pixels lines up forming an image in the picture. Each of the pixels will be assigned with different or same color which serves the purpose of creating color depth of an image, this is often referred as number of bits needed to encode all the colors. Raster graphics are usually coded in typical bits depth with are used nowadays in: Black and white ( Two Colors ) : 1 Bit Color shades of gray ( Four Colors ) : 2 Bit 16 Colors : 4 Bit 256 Colors : 8 Bit 65, 536 Colors ( 65K High Colors ) : 16 Bit True Color : 24 Bit True Color ( Improved ) : 32 Bit In a raster graphic image, the numbers of row and column determines the image resolution, in other words the more pixels presented in an image the higher the resolution. Image resolutions are calculated using total pixels present in the first row multiplied by total pixel present in the first column. If the image is presented in certain physical size, then the size will combine with the number of pixels resulting with number of Dot Per Inch (DPI) in the image. DPI is a measurement of an images resolution. A high resolution image will present in higher DPI with smaller dot, this makes it harder to be spotted as individual spot in the image. Raster Graphic is much more convenient when compared to vector graphic. They are resolution independent, thus it happens that raster graphic can be used to represent a photo realistic images in a short amount of time. But because of certain limitation in raster graphic, it makes the quality of the image to be vary from different source of quality. Pixels tend to get arranged in a regular pattern, resulting weird shaping pattern displayed in the screen of a computer monitor. Rather if the pixels are assigned with wrong color, the whole image might get displayed weirdly with all the color mixed. If a resolution is too low and the contrast is too high, certain pixels will stand out leaving the image with jaggies. Figure 3.1.2.1 is a raster graphic image which shows clearly the pixel resolutions of the image. As the image shows the rectangular array of dots which is large enough to be identified using the eye of a human, these rectangular are call pixels. The image is displayed by drawing the pixels sequentially in a fixed order either from the left to right or top to bottom. The image of a fish is made up using plain white and blue color which is assigned to each of the pixel dots. Usually a raster image is made up from high resolution in which pixel dots are not visible from humans eye sight. But the above image is a low resolution raster image, thus pixels are visible. Raster graphic are presented in digital file format usually in JPEG images, Bitmap images, GIF images, TIFF images and PNG images. The usage of raster graphic has been popular since the rise of World Wide Web in the internet. This is because raster graphic presents huge advantages when it is utilized within the web network. Advantages of raster graphic are: Widely used in personal computer in displaying images. Most of computer operating system nowadays supports raster image display as the basic image file distribution. Digital images are used widely in operating system as the main graphic image display. This is the strongest advantage of raster graphic. Web standard for image uploading, display, image file distribution and file download due to the small file size. Its one of the main reason raster image is widely distributed across web. Resolution image independent, able to display all resolution types of image file. Can be edited using image developing tools. Throughout all the advantages may be excellent in a point of view, but raster graphic image easily suffers from quality loss due to its pixel dot independent resolution. Most of the image file used to display raster graphic image have a limited color support which disadvantages in image color displayed in the monitor. Raster graphic images that are distributed across the network may be compressed to reduce its file size, this is a drawback as compressing the image file usually will reduce its image quality. Benefits from Two Dimensional Games Programming Over Three Dimensional Games Development Cost This point is obviously correct and without doubt, 2D games development is really cheaper when it is compared to 3D games development due to the difference of content creation. The move towards hi-definition graphic content has brought 3D games a breakthrough in the games technology, but at the same time the cost of development has also double up because of using new developed engines which is expensive. Most 3D games development faces high development cost and they are still in researching of new game engines to cut down the development costs. Unlike 2D games engines, they are sold cheaper than most of the 3D game engines in the market. This point is based on the logical assumption that 3D is a newer technology which need more resources for development and 2D is a traditional game technology which is developed even before existence of 3D, thus making it to be considered not as complex as 3D games development Graphical Processing Performance 2D games development uses lower processing speed and power compared with 3D development. In the old days where personal computers are still not as advance as nowadays, it is impossible to commence development in either 3D or 2D games development. But considering the advance of technologies nowadays which makes most of those not too complex games development of 2D and 3D graphic possible. In the old days personal computer lacks of the processing speed and memory capacity to run the system process. The reason why 2D games requires less graphical processing performance is because 2D games uses less graphical animation which would requires heavy framerate processing with fast processing speed. Shaders capabilities in 2D graphics All thanks to the shaders technology used in the 3D technology, 2D graphics can now implement of shaders. 2D graphics can be enriched with a soft look to the entire scene, bloom effect, glowing effects and graphic effects. Shaders enable 2D graphic animation to improve its quality and technology. Although shaders brings lots of new effects to the 2D graphic, but its still in experimental stage where its relatively unexplored concept that has a lot of potential. Real time audio synthesis 2D games once uses midi and redbook audio for its audio sound effects, its the only available audio technology that is supported by the 2D graphic games. But that was during the old days. With the help of VST instruments, real time synthesis of audio can be implemented towards 2D game development. Music in games can expand beyond playback into performing dynamic arrangements and dynamic synthesis. The game can be implemented with audio music that is suitable with the nature of the game type accordingly. With the advanced processing power, a complete real time audio track can be implemented using VST effects in the form of compressors, equalizers and mixing tables. With this technology, 2D game nowadays could experience rich enhancement to bring new breakthrough. 2D Multiplayer Online Games Despite 2D multiplayer games are being made in application program, there are publishers that release 2D online games which has gained quite the fame among online users. Despite the simple concept of 2D programming, new technologies enable the developers to actually implement 2D online games into website. Incorporating both the 2D engine and game program directly into web browsers nowadays. This is a very convenient and brilliant way into marketing 2D games online as no setups and download are required. This new technology has helps 2D games to be once again gain popularity in the world. Programming Language Programming language is the all time famous programming instructions which are created by developers since late 40s until today which is to serve the purpose to create applications. The so call programming language is actually a set of languages which composed of words, symbols, and numbers which is made up to be algorithms that each type of language differs. In other words Programming Language is actually a set of instructions that constructs the logic of the system, instructs every action of the system and performs of functions. As human language are too difficult for a computer to understand, thus commands of programming language are used to replace human language so computers will understand the way it was designed for the same purpose. In game development, programming process is inevitable, the functional process in the system is fully dependent to the programming code which is written in its way. The way game system reacts will turn out running according to the programming code structure in which the programmer designed it to be. So far in the game development coding technology, only certain programming languages are capable in developing 2D and 3D game system. And most of the p